Mastering coding interviews is crucial for landing a job in tech. One of the best ways to prepare is by identifying and practicing common problem patterns that appear repeatedly on LeetCode. Understanding these patterns not only helps in solving specific problems but also builds a strong foundation for tackling new challenges.
Here’s a breakdown of 14 key patterns that are essential for anyone looking to ace coding interviews:
- Two Pointers
This pattern involves using two pointers to iterate through the data structure, often starting from opposite ends. It’s particularly useful for problems involving arrays and strings.
Example Problems:
Two Sum
Container With Most Water
3Sum
- Sliding Window
The sliding window technique is ideal for problems that require tracking a subset of data within an array or string. It’s commonly used to find subarrays or substrings that satisfy certain conditions.
Example Problems:
Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters
Minimum Window Substring
Maximum Sum Subarray of Size K
- Fast & Slow Pointers
Also known as the “tortoise and hare” approach, this pattern is used to detect cycles in linked lists and other data structures.
Example Problems:
Linked List Cycle
Find the Duplicate Number
Happy Number
- Merge Intervals
This pattern involves merging overlapping intervals or finding intersections between different intervals. It’s common in scheduling and calendar-related problems.
Example Problems:
Merge Intervals
Insert Interval
Meeting Rooms II
- Cyclic Sort
Cyclic sort is used for problems involving arrays containing numbers in a given range. The goal is often to place each number in its correct position.
Example Problems:
Find All Missing Numbers
Find the Duplicate Number
First Missing Positive
- In-place Reversal of a Linked List
This pattern is crucial for problems that require reversing a linked list, either partially or entirely.
Example Problems:
Reverse Linked List
Reverse Nodes in k-Group
Reverse Linked List II
- Tree Traversal
Tree traversal patterns are fundamental for solving binary tree problems, including depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS).
Example Problems:
Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
Path Sum
- Topological Sort
Topological sorting is used for problems involving directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), particularly when you need to determine the order of tasks.
Example Problems:
Course Schedule
Alien Dictionary
Sequence Reconstruction
- Dynamic Programming (DP)
DP is a powerful technique for solving optimization problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems. It’s widely used in problems involving sequences, subsets, and other combinatorial challenges.
Example Problems:
Longest Increasing Subsequence
Coin Change
Knapsack Problem
- Backtracking
Backtracking is a recursive technique for solving problems incrementally, one step at a time, and removing those solutions that fail to satisfy the problem constraints.
Example Problems:
Permutations
N-Queens
Subsets
- Greedy Algorithms
Greedy algorithms make the locally optimal choice at each step, aiming for a global optimum. This pattern is often used in optimization problems.
Example Problems:
Jump Game
Task Scheduler
Minimum Number of Arrows to Burst Balloons
- Graph Traversal
Graph traversal techniques like DFS and BFS are crucial for solving problems related to connected components, shortest paths, and cycles in graphs.
Example Problems:
Number of Islands
Clone Graph
Word Ladder
- Binary Search
Binary search is used for efficiently finding elements in sorted arrays or determining the insertion point in various data structures.
Example Problems:
Search in Rotated Sorted Array
Find Peak Element
Median of Two Sorted Arrays
- Trie
Tries are specialized tree-like data structures used to solve problems involving prefixes, such as searching and autocomplete features.
Example Problems:
Implement Trie (Prefix Tree)
Word Search II
Add and Search Word
Conclusion
Focusing on these 14 patterns will greatly enhance your problem-solving skills on LeetCode and other coding platforms. By mastering these patterns, you’ll be better prepared for a wide range of technical interviews, ultimately improving your chances of success.
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